Comprehensive Guide to Hastelloy C-2000 Sheets and Plates
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In the world of advanced materials, where performance and resilience are paramount, Hastelloy C-2000 (UNS N06200) stands out as a true marvel. This remarkable Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy is renowned for its exceptional corrosion resistance, making it a preferred choice in some of the most challenging environments. Whether you are navigating the complexities of chemical processing or seeking materials for critical industrial applications, understanding the properties and equivalents of Hastelloy C-2000 is essential.
This article delves into the intricate details of Hastelloy C-2000, exploring its chemical composition, mechanical properties, and unparalleled ability to withstand corrosive conditions. Additionally, we will examine its widespread applications across various industries, providing insights into why this alloy is so highly regarded. For those seeking alternatives, we will also discuss materials that can serve as equivalents to Hastelloy C-2000, offering a comprehensive guide for informed decision-making. Join us as we uncover the secrets behind this extraordinary alloy and its pivotal role in modern engineering.
Hastelloy C-2000 is a highly versatile nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy, designed to excel in various corrosive environments. Its chemical composition is tailored for excellent performance in both reducing and oxidizing conditions, making it a preferred material for various industrial applications. Hastelloy C-2000 is known for its durability and reliability, especially in environments where other materials might fail.
Hastelloy C-2000 is classified under the Unified Numbering System (UNS) as N06200, ensuring consistency and ease of specification across industries.
Hastelloy C-2000 has several key characteristics that make it popular in industrial use:
One of Hastelloy C-2000’s main advantages is its excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosive agents. It performs exceptionally well in both oxidizing and reducing environments, including acidic conditions and environments containing chlorides and other halides. This resistance is crucial for maintaining the integrity and longevity of equipment exposed to aggressive chemicals.
This alloy also has high tensile and yield strength, allowing it to withstand significant stress without deforming. Its ductility allows it to be easily formed and fabricated into various shapes and components, enhancing its versatility in manufacturing processes.
Hastelloy C-2000 is highly resistant to stress corrosion cracking, especially in chloride-rich environments, ensuring reliability under mechanical stress.
The alloy also resists pitting and crevice corrosion, which are severe localized forms of damage, making it ideal for harsh chemical environments.
Hastelloy C-2000 is easy to form and weld, making it suitable for various manufacturing processes and ensuring precise, efficient component production.
Hastelloy C-2000 is widely used in the chemical processing industry due to its corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Common uses include reactors, heat exchangers, and other equipment exposed to harsh chemicals. The alloy is also utilized in other industries requiring durable materials capable of withstanding aggressive conditions.
In summary, Hastelloy C-2000 (UNS N06200) offers a unique combination of corrosion resistance, strength, and versatility, making it an excellent choice for demanding industrial applications.
Nickel makes up about 59% of Hastelloy C-2000, playing a key role in providing excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. This high nickel content ensures that the alloy remains durable and effective in a variety of harsh environments, particularly those involving reducing conditions.
Chromium, which ranges from 22.0% to 24.0%, significantly enhances the alloy’s resistance to oxidizing environments, helping it resist degradation. This crucial element allows Hastelloy C-2000 to maintain its integrity even when exposed to strong oxidizing agents and process streams contaminated with ferric ions and dissolved oxygen.
With a content of 15.0% to 17.0%, molybdenum is essential for exceptional resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, particularly in chloride-rich environments. This makes Hastelloy C-2000 particularly valuable in industries where exposure to chlorides and other halides is common.
Copper, present at 1.3% to 1.9%, greatly improves the alloy’s resistance to sulfuric acid, making it effective in such environments. The addition of copper ensures that Hastelloy C-2000 can withstand the aggressive nature of sulfuric acid, a common challenge in many industrial processes.
Iron is kept below 3.0%, ensuring the alloy’s stability and performance without being a primary contributor to its key properties. While not a major player, the controlled presence of iron supports the overall structural integrity of the alloy.
Cobalt, maintained at less than 2.0%, is managed to preserve the desired characteristics of the alloy without compromising performance. This careful balance helps maintain the unique properties that make Hastelloy C-2000 so effective.
Manganese, at less than 0.5%, improves overall toughness and aids in the deoxidation process during manufacturing. This element contributes to the alloy’s robustness and reliability during production and in service.
Aluminum, present at less than 0.5%, helps refine the grain structure and enhance the mechanical properties of the alloy. This small but significant addition improves the overall quality and performance of Hastelloy C-2000.
Silicon is kept below 0.08% and assists in the deoxidation process during melting and casting. Although present in minimal amounts, silicon plays a role in ensuring the smooth production and casting of the alloy.
Carbon is maintained at very low levels, under 0.01%, to prevent carbide precipitation and maintain corrosion resistance. This low carbon content is crucial for maintaining the alloy’s high resistance to corrosive environments.
Phosphorus and sulfur are kept at very low levels, below 0.025% and 0.01% respectively, to avoid brittleness and ensure the alloy’s reliability. Controlling these elements helps preserve the mechanical integrity and longevity of Hastelloy C-2000 in demanding applications.
Hastelloy C-2000 is known for its impressive tensile strength, making it ideal for challenging industrial uses. The tensile strength varies based on the material’s form and thickness:
Yield strength, the stress level where the material starts to deform permanently, is another key property of Hastelloy C-2000. At room temperature:
Hastelloy C-2000’s excellent ductility, or ability to deform without breaking, is reflected in its elongation range of 45% to 76%, depending on thickness and form. This high ductility ensures the material can be easily formed and fabricated into various shapes without cracking or failing.
Fatigue resistance, the ability to withstand repeated stress cycles, is crucial for materials under cyclic loading. Hastelloy C-2000 offers robust fatigue resistance, making it ideal for components exposed to fluctuating loads, such as pump and mixer shafts.
As temperatures rise, both yield and tensile strengths decrease, but Hastelloy C-2000 maintains structural integrity up to 649°C. This makes it suitable for high-temperature applications where maintaining strength is critical.
Hastelloy C-2000 can undergo various heat treatments to optimize its properties:
Hastelloy C-2000’s ductility makes it easy to form and weld using methods like Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW). Minimizing heat input during welding is crucial for maintaining its corrosion resistance, ensuring the material remains robust and reliable in demanding environments.
By understanding these mechanical properties, engineers and designers can effectively utilize Hastelloy C-2000 in various high-performance applications, ensuring durability and efficiency in their projects.
Hastelloy C-2000 stands out for its incredible corrosion resistance in a variety of harsh environments, making it a top choice for tough industrial applications.
Hastelloy C-2000 excels against acids like sulfuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric, thanks to its unique mix of molybdenum and copper. It’s especially effective in sulfuric acid mixed with oxidizing acids and chloride ions.
The alloy shows remarkable resistance to halides such as chlorides and fluorides, significantly reducing pitting and crevice corrosion even in harsh conditions. This resistance is crucial for maintaining the integrity of components in aggressive environments.
Hastelloy C-2000 also resists stress corrosion cracking in chloride solutions, making it ideal for components under both mechanical stress and corrosive conditions.
Hastelloy C-2000 outperforms other materials like Hastelloy C-22, Hastelloy C-276, and 316L stainless steel in hydrochloric acid up to 10% concentration. This makes it a reliable choice for processes involving hydrochloric acid.
The alloy maintains minimal corrosion rates in sulfuric acid up to 80% concentration, even at high temperatures, making it suitable for concentrated acid applications.
With its high chromium content, Hastelloy C-2000 excels in oxidizing environments and offers good weldability. Recommended welding processes include GTAW, GMAW, and fusion arc welding, using specific consumables to preserve corrosion resistance.
Overall, Hastelloy C-2000’s blend of exceptional corrosion resistance, ease of welding, and durability makes it an outstanding material for a wide range of industrial applications.
Hastelloy C-2000 is widely used in the chemical processing industry due to its outstanding resistance to various corrosive chemicals. This alloy excels in environments containing sulfuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids, making it ideal for components like reactors, heat exchangers, valves, pumps, towers, and pipes. Its ability to withstand both oxidizing and reducing environments ensures long-lasting performance and reliability in demanding applications.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Hastelloy C-2000 is prized for its high corrosion resistance and stability in redox atmospheres. It is commonly used in reactors and dryers, where maintaining the purity of chemical compounds is critical. The alloy’s resistance to aggressive chemicals and ease of cleaning make it popular in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Hastelloy C-2000 is used in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems because it can withstand highly corrosive environments. These systems remove sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases in power plants and industrial facilities. The alloy’s resistance to sulfuric acid and other corrosive agents ensures the durability and efficiency of FGD components like scrubbers, absorbers, and ducting.
Hastelloy C-2000 is used in manufacturing springs and fasteners that need high corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. These components are critical in environments exposed to aggressive chemicals and high stress, such as chemical plants, marine applications, and the oil and gas industries.
The alloy’s exceptional mechanical properties and corrosion resistance make it ideal for pump and mixer shafts. These components often face dynamic loads and corrosive fluids, requiring materials that maintain performance over time.
The primary industry using Hastelloy C-2000 is chemical processing. Its excellent resistance to a wide range of chemicals, including acids and halides, makes it essential for equipment handling aggressive substances.
The pharmaceutical industry greatly benefits from Hastelloy C-2000’s corrosion resistance and stability. Its use in reactors, dryers, and other equipment helps ensure pharmaceutical product purity and effectiveness.
In the power and energy sector, Hastelloy C-2000 is used in heat exchangers and flue gas desulfurization systems. Its resistance to corrosive environments is crucial for maintaining equipment efficiency and durability.
Hastelloy C-22 is another alloy that excels in resisting pitting and crevice corrosion. However, Hastelloy C-2000 offers enhanced resistance to sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, particularly at higher concentrations, making it a superior choice for more aggressive acid environments.
Hastelloy C-276 is known for its excellent resistance to localized corrosion. While both C-276 and C-2000 are highly resistant, C-2000 performs better in oxidizing environments due to its higher chromium content. Additionally, the presence of copper in C-2000 enhances its resistance to sulfuric acid, giving it an edge over C-276 in specific applications.
Alloy 625, a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy, is well-regarded for its high strength and excellent oxidation resistance. However, when it comes to corrosion resistance in acidic environments, Hastelloy C-2000 outperforms Alloy 625. The addition of copper in C-2000 enhances its resistance to sulfuric acid, making it more suitable for industries dealing with aggressive chemical processes.
254SMO is a high-alloy stainless steel that excels in chloride-bearing environments. However, Hastelloy C-2000 provides broader corrosion resistance, especially in mixed acid and oxidizing environments, making it more versatile and suitable for a wider range of industrial applications.
316L stainless steel is known for its good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, in highly corrosive environments with chlorides, Hastelloy C-2000 significantly outperforms 316L. Its superior resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking makes C-2000 a more reliable material for demanding chemical processing applications.
Hastelloy C-2000 stands out for its versatility in both reducing and oxidizing environments. Its unique composition, including copper, enhances resistance to a wide range of acids, making it ideal for industries facing aggressive corrosive conditions. The alloy’s durability under high stress and corrosive conditions ensures long-term reliability, setting it apart from other nickel alloys.
When looking for materials that can substitute Hastelloy C-2000, it’s important to compare their properties and suitability for similar applications. Hastelloy C-2000 is known for its unique mix of nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and copper.
Hastelloy C-22 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy like Hastelloy C-2000 but without copper, offering excellent corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing environments. While C-22 is slightly less effective against sulfuric acid compared to C-2000, it still provides strong resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.
Hastelloy C-276 is another nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy known for its superior resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Although it doesn’t contain copper, which makes it less effective against sulfuric acid, C-276 excels in environments prone to localized corrosion. It is often used in similar chemical processing applications where Hastelloy C-2000 is employed.
Inconel alloys, such as Inconel 600 and Inconel 625, are nickel-chromium-based materials with excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance, with Inconel 625 offering good resistance to various corrosive environments due to its molybdenum content. However, Inconel alloys generally do not match Hastelloy C-2000’s performance in sulfuric acid.
Monel alloys, like Monel 400, are nickel-copper alloys known for their excellent resistance to seawater and chloride-containing environments. While Monel 400 offers good general corrosion resistance, it doesn’t perform as well as Hastelloy C-2000 in highly acidic environments, especially with sulfuric acid.
254SMO is a high-alloy austenitic stainless steel known for its exceptional resistance to chloride-induced corrosion, including pitting and crevice corrosion. It is often used in marine and chemical processing environments, but Hastelloy C-2000’s broader corrosion resistance makes it more versatile for many applications.
316L stainless steel is popular for its good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. While it performs well in various environments, it falls short in highly corrosive conditions involving chlorides and acids, where Hastelloy C-2000 excels.
When choosing equivalent materials, consider their availability and suitability for the specific application. Hastelloy C-22 and C-276 are often available and can serve as suitable substitutes in many environments where Hastelloy C-2000 is used. Inconel and Monel alloys, as well as high-alloy stainless steels like 254SMO and 316L, can also be considered based on the specific corrosion resistance requirements and mechanical properties needed.
By understanding the comparative properties of these materials, engineers and designers can make informed decisions to ensure performance and longevity in challenging environments.
Below are answers to some frequently asked questions:
The chemical composition of Hastelloy C-2000 (UNS N06200) primarily includes Nickel (Ni) as the balance, approximately 59%, Chromium (Cr) at 22.0%-24.0%, Molybdenum (Mo) at 15.0%-17.0%, and Copper (Cu) at 1.3%-1.9%. Minor elements include Iron (Fe) less than 3.0%, Carbon (C) less than 0.01%, Silicon (Si) less than 0.08%, Cobalt (Co) less than 2.0%, Manganese (Mn) less than 0.5%, Phosphorus (P) less than 0.025%, Sulfur (S) less than 0.01%, and Aluminum (Al) less than 0.5%. This composition grants Hastelloy C-2000 its exceptional resistance to both reducing and oxidizing environments, making it highly resistant to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking.
Hastelloy C-2000 exhibits notable mechanical properties that make it suitable for demanding applications. At room temperature, it has a yield strength of 359 MPa (52 ksi) and a tensile strength of 752 MPa (109 ksi). As temperatures increase, these strengths decrease: at 538°C, the yield strength is 207 MPa (30 ksi) and the tensile strength is 565 MPa (82 ksi). The alloy maintains good ductility with elongation ranging from 64% to 78% across various temperatures. The hardness is less than 240 HBW, and it has a high rupture stress greater than 264 J at room temperature and -196°C. The density is 8.5 g/cm³, and the modulus of elasticity is approximately 218 GPa. These properties highlight Hastelloy C-2000’s strength, ductility, and resistance to stress, making it ideal for industrial applications.
Hastelloy C-2000 (UNS N06200) performs exceptionally well in corrosive environments due to its unique chemical composition, which includes high levels of chromium, molybdenum, and copper. This alloy offers excellent resistance to both oxidizing and reducing chemicals, making it particularly effective against a variety of acids, such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids, across a broad range of concentrations and temperatures. The high chromium content enhances its resistance to oxidizing media, while the addition of copper improves its performance in reducing environments. Additionally, Hastelloy C-2000 exhibits superior pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, especially in the presence of chlorides and other halides, and has a low susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. This makes it a reliable material for demanding applications where both mechanical stress and corrosive conditions are present.
Hastelloy C-2000 is widely used in several industries due to its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. It is commonly employed in the chemical processing industry for reactors, heat exchangers, valves, pumps, towers, and pipes because of its resistance to a broad range of corrosive chemicals, including sulfuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used in reactors, dryers, pipelines, and storage tanks, where its corrosion resistance and high temperature stability ensure hygienic and efficient operations. The petrochemical and oil & gas industries utilize Hastelloy C-2000 for applications involving chloride solutions, stress corrosion cracking, pitting, and crevice corrosion. It is also used in geothermal and other energy applications for its stability in redox atmospheres. Additionally, Hastelloy C-2000 is suitable for flue gas desulfurization systems and various process equipment such as heat exchangers, condensers, columns, pressure vessels, and piping systems.
Hastelloy C-2000 stands out for its exceptional corrosion resistance compared to other nickel alloys. Its unique composition, including the addition of copper, enhances its performance in reducing environments, particularly in sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. It surpasses Hastelloy C-22 and C-276 in hydrochloric acid concentrations up to 10% and sulfuric acid up to 80%, and offers better pitting and crevice corrosion resistance in chloride environments. Compared to Alloy 59, Hastelloy C-2000’s added copper makes it more versatile in various corrosive media. While Inconel alloys are also highly resistant, Hastelloy C-2000 is specifically designed for superior performance in both reducing and oxidizing environments, making it a preferred choice for applications involving diverse corrosive chemicals.
While there are no exact equivalents to Hastelloy C-2000 (UNS N06200) due to its unique composition and properties, there are several materials that offer similar characteristics and can be considered for specific applications. These include other nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys like Hastelloy C-276 and Hastelloy C-22. Hastelloy C-276 offers excellent corrosion resistance but Hastelloy C-2000 has superior resistance to sulfuric acid and better pitting and crevice corrosion resistance. Hastelloy C-22, while similar, lacks the copper addition present in Hastelloy C-2000, which enhances its performance in specific corrosive environments. Additionally, materials like Inconel and Monel alloys provide good corrosion resistance but do not match Hastelloy C-2000’s level of protection in sulfuric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acids. For welding applications, materials such as CEWELD Alloy C-2000 Tig (UNS N06200) are used to ensure compatible welding processes. Overall, while there are similar materials, Hastelloy C-2000’s unique properties make it particularly suited for certain demanding environments.
